CESIF Nepal has conducted a study to identify the significant features and trends of diplomatic negotiations between Nepal and China. In particular, the study focuses on the most important factors that shape the nature and outcomes of negotiations in Nepal-China bilateral relations. The key question is: How can Nepal strengthen its negotiating capacity to protect its core interests (eg, sustainable development, climate justice, economic equality, and democratic governance)?

As part of our research, we conducted case studies of eight episodes of negotiations and interviewed more than 40 politicians and officials who were engaged in negotiations with China. The case studies included the following: Belt and Road Initiative and Framework; High-level Diplomatic Exchanges (2018-2024); Trade and Transit Agreement and Protocols; Pokhara Regional International Airport; Chinese Aircraft Procurement; Budhi Gandaki Hydropower Project; Boundary, Border Regulation and Border Security; and Hongshi Cement.

This research seeks to fill a critical gap in our understanding, and offers insights for policy-makers, diplomats, government officials as well as for bureaucrats, politicians, academia and media. It suggests ways to develop more effective